How do they work? - future net zero

Anode

The anode is the negative electrode of the battery. It is a conductive material, often made of a metal or a metal oxide, that releases electrons during the chemical reaction.

Cathode

The cathode is the positive electrode of the battery. It is also made of a conductive material, typically a metal oxide, that accepts electrons during the chemical reaction.

Electrolyte

The electrolyte is the medium that allows the flow of ions between the anode and the cathode. It can be a liquid, gel, or solid material containing ions that enable the chemical reactions to occur.

Separator

The separator is a permeable material that physically separates the anode and cathode while allowing the flow of ions between them. It prevents direct contact between the two electrodes, which could lead to a short circuit.

Operation Processes

Charging Process

When a battery is charged, an external electric current is applied to the battery, causing a chemical reaction within it. During charging: Electrons are forced to flow from the positive terminal (cathode) to the negative terminal (anode) through the external circuit. The chemical reactions at the electrodes and in the electrolyte cause ions to move from the cathode to the anode through the electrolyte. The cathode material undergoes oxidation, releasing positively charged ions (cations) into the electrolyte. The anode material undergoes reduction, accepting the released electrons and the positively charged ions from the electrolyte.

Discharging Process

When a battery is in use (discharging), the chemical reactions reverse and electrical energy is released. During discharging: Electrons flow from the negative terminal (anode) through the external circuit to the positive terminal (cathode). The chemical reactions at the electrodes and in the electrolyte cause ions to move from the anode to the cathode through the electrolyte. The anode material undergoes oxidation, releasing cations into the electrolyte. The cathode material undergoes reduction, accepting the released electrons and the positively charged ions from the electrolyte.

The overall process is reversible, allowing the battery to be charged and discharged multiple times until the chemical reactions are no longer viable and the battery’s capacity diminishes over time.

Different battery chemistries exist, each with unique materials and chemical reactions. Common battery types include lead-acid batteries (used in cars), lithium-ion batteries (used in laptops and smartphones), nickel-metal hydride (NiMH) batteries and many others.

Advances in battery technology continue to drive improvements in energy density, cycle life, safety and environmental impact.

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